draft knowledge based management

From: Simon KWAK

Date: 10.09.99

Time: 11:59:50

Remote Name: 194.83.240.16

Comments

Knowledge-based Management(KM)

- a New Alternative for Asian Companies -

Simon Kwak

1. Introduction

1.1 Traditional Elements of Production

Since the development of capitalism in 18th century land, capital and labor have been regarded as essential elements to production. So when an entrepreneur wanted to increase the quantity of his products, he could make it by simply increasing the elements mentioned above.

1.2 The importance of knowledge in Recent Business

As computer technology advanced rapidly and information revolution began in early 1990s, the elements recognised important traditionally *** *** have contributed less to production than earlier times {1} . Instead, information and the ability to deal with information have become more and more important to production. Especially with the rapid growth in semi-conductors *** the products could be made smaller and smaller, resulting in less necessity of land to make factories and to store them. And as the factory automation progressed*** the labor has become less important than before. In contrast, the accumulated knowledge became critical factor in business. So, the western companies which once were very engrossed in defending their markets from the attack of Asian companies could recover competitiveness with the KM. And they could overcome the Asian companies in international markets.

1.3 The Definition of knowledge-based management

There is not agreed definition {2} yet about {3} knowledge-based management. But it can be defined in strategic view *** as follows*** (Yogesh, M. 1997) : "Knowledge-based management caters to the critical issues of organisational adaptation, survival and competence in face of increasingly discontinuous environmental change. Essentially it embodies organisational processes that seek synergetic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies, and creative and innovative capacity of human being" As stated above, KM is a product of an era full of uncertainty and unpredictable for survival and success.

2 The background of development of KM

2.1 The short history of KM

There was assertion by Peter Drucker in 1950s already *** {4} that knowledge was an important factor in production. But in {5} that time supporting tools were not prepared {6} such {7} as highly-developed computers, internets and intranets. So the concept was not spread widely. In early 1990s , with rapid growth in information technologies of gaining and transferring of information was {8} made easy and {9} the concept of KM spread widely with the successful cases.

2.2 The contributors to KM

Peter Drucker created the term "knowledge worker". After that, many years had passed {10} until the knowledge became used in business. As in early 1990 the internet became one of universal methods for business communication, many scholars foresighted the importance of knowledge in business, among whom Nonaka and Stewart have been famous preachers of KM. They can be called contributors to KM.

3 Recent Successful Cases of KM - British Petroleum

There are many cases in fields *** {11} that by using KM companies increased the productivity and reduced the costs. Especially British Petroleum, Hewlett-Packard, Hoffmann-LaRoche and Monsanto are well said to use KM in strategic level *** .

In 1995 at North Sea there rose severe equipment failure *** in British Petroleum's exploration department. It faced the situation that would require the mobile drill ship which might cost the company US150,000$ a day. Instead, they hauled the faulty hardware in front *** tiny video camera *** connected to a newly installed workstation. And using a satellite link they dialed up a BP drilling equipment expert in Aberdeen. Then he guided them quickly through the visual system and *** at last they could repair the equipment in a relatively short time. It was possible because the company composed {12} a project team called "Virtual Teamwork" beforehand. Its members were drawn from diverse parts of the company and *** its task was to support collaboration across the barriers of distance and organizational structure with sophisticated technology. It spent almost {13} time challenging and helping the parts of the company to exploit their capabilities to serve their business needs. In the process the ability to confront the unpredictable was enhanced in each part. So the North Sea case was made possible {14} without much difficulty.

4 Necessary elements in the success of KM

KM is not applicable to every organization. It needs to be changed {15} for the KM can be applicable as below {16} .

4.1 Transformation of Organisation and Procedure in Making Decision

To do KM in a business organization requires having a person who is totally responsible for gathering information and sharing it throughout the organization (he is called Chief Knowledge Officer : CKO). All the information must be gathered in knowledge center and it must be categorized in a form that can be easily used by the whole {17} members.

4.2 Producing and Transmitting System of Information

Producing the knowledge can not be done by one person or by one department of an organization but can be {18} done by {19} the participation of all the members of the organization . So it is possible only when all the members recognize the importance of knowledge. All the workers should find the best practice for their task and transmit it the *** {20} knowledge center. So constructing Intranet system is essential factor in the success in KM.

4.3 Compensation System

Compensation is one of the most important factors for success of any system. But how to measure performance is {21} to be established first. Measurement should be done on not only *** individual level but also team {22} level. And measurement is to be done not only in {23} quantitatively base but also by the degree of contribution to the organization. After measurement problem is settled then *** {24} the compensation {25} should follow that .

5 Why KM can be a breakthrough for Asian Companies?

5.1 Traditional view of information and culture in Asian Companies

Traditionally in Asian countries information and corporate culture were not regarded {26} important. Only command and obedience was emphasised. Furthermore, the knowledge was not gained systemically and was not spread throughout business organisation . It was because one could survive only when he {27} could keep the knowledge or secrets to oneself. It failed the Asian companies to go farther ahead because everyone had to lay the foundation for himself . And almost all the decisions were made in the way far from {28} democratic procedure.

5.2 Recent failures in Asian Companies and the Causes

. Even with the critical weak*** points, the command and obedience system seemed to bring success to many Asian companies in industrial age . But as the era drew near when creativity was the first virtue in industry, the Asian companies could not endure the cold wind any more. Many Asian companies went into bankruptcy and were taken over by western companies *** including the famous Nissan Motors and Mazda Motors in Japan. Even {29} South Korea went into the IMF bailout system. It was the failure of Asian culture not gaining *** knowledge systemically and not sharing the knowledge throughout the organisation in contrast with that of western companies. .

5.3 A New Alternative to Asian Companies-KM

If Asian companies want to survive and succeed in an era of global competition, they must transform themselves to perform KM. All the CEOs must recognize that knowledge is the most important production factor. And they must adopt democratic procedure because in authoritarian environment creative thinking is impossible for the members of their {30} companies. And they should exert themselves to accumulating knowledge and distributing it throughout the organization. It requires that management by just a few families be liquidated which hinders democratic procedure in the decision making.

6. Conclusion

KM is not an accessory to business but only a system that has come out as a result to break*** through the discontinuous and unpredictable managerial situation. As stated above, it can be an alternative for Asian companies that recently have lost the competitiveness in international markets. But the premise must be sufficient beforehand as mentioned above. Whether the KM can succeed or not is totally depends on the attitudes of Asian companies' CEOs. But when they can see the reality of managerial environment, they cannot but adopting the KM.

Dear Simon ,

Thanks for your draft. Please consider the suggestions made.

The thing that worries me is that you have no references to bibliographical sources in your text. Are the words your own or lifted from texts you have read? This is not clear but needs to be clarified.

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

ARTICLE - you have made a mistake with the use of the article ( ie a, an, the or zero) with a noun or noun phrase. First check that you know whether the noun is countable or uncountable, and singular or plural

Error type:

MARKER/CONNECTIVE - you may have used the wrong one, or not used one where it is needed, or used one incorrectly

Error type:

MARKER/CONNECTIVE - you may have used the wrong one, or not used one where it is needed, or used one incorrectly

Error type:

MARKER/CONNECTIVE - you may have used the wrong one, or not used one where it is needed, or used one incorrectly

Error type:

MARKER/CONNECTIVE - you may have used the wrong one, or not used one where it is needed, or used one incorrectly

Error type:

MARKER/CONNECTIVE - you may have used the wrong one, or not used one where it is needed, or used one incorrectly

Error type:

MARKER/CONNECTIVE - you may have used the wrong one, or not used one where it is needed, or used one incorrectly

Error type:

UNCLEAR - the reader does not understand what you are trying to say here

Error type:

UNCLEAR - the reader does not understand what you are trying to say here

Error type:

UNCLEAR - the reader does not understand what you are trying to say here

Error type:

UNCLEAR - the reader does not understand what you are trying to say here

Error type:

UNCLEAR - the reader does not understand what you are trying to say here

Error type:

UNCLEAR - the reader does not understand what you are trying to say here

Error type:

UNCLEAR - the reader does not understand what you are trying to say here

Error type:

UNCLEAR - the reader does not understand what you are trying to say here

Error type:

UNCLEAR - the reader does not understand what you are trying to say here

Error type:

NOT THE BEST CHOICE - your meaning is clear but this is not a good way, or not the best way, to express it. This may relate to one word, or a phrase or a whole sentence. You may need to change the syntax or the vocabulary or both.

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PHRASE CONSTRUCTION - you have used the wrong construction after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb; for example, you might have used 'to' instead of 'that', or an '-ing' form instead of 'to' etc

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PREPOSITION - you have used the wrong preposition, or the preposition is missing, or you don't need a preposition

Error type:

PUNCTUATION - punctuation mistake. For example, you may have used a comma when it is not necessary, or a capital letter is required.

Error type:

PUNCTUATION - punctuation mistake. For example, you may have used a comma when it is not necessary, or a capital letter is required.

Error type:

PUNCTUATION - punctuation mistake. For example, you may have used a comma when it is not necessary, or a capital letter is required.

Error type:

PUNCTUATION - punctuation mistake. For example, you may have used a comma when it is not necessary, or a capital letter is required.

Error type:

PUNCTUATION - punctuation mistake. For example, you may have used a comma when it is not necessary, or a capital letter is required.

Error type:

REFERENCE - you have made a msitake in how you refer to something previously mentioned. ou may have used the wrong word to do this; or it may not be clear what you are referring to, or the referent (= the thing you are referring to) may be too far away; or a pronoun is needed

Error type:

REFERENCE - you have made a msitake in how you refer to something previously mentioned. ou may have used the wrong word to do this; or it may not be clear what you are referring to, or the referent (= the thing you are referring to) may be too far away; or a pronoun is needed

Error type:

SENTENCE TOO LONG - your sentence needs to be made into several shorter ones.

Error type:

SENTENCE TOO LONG - your sentence needs to be made into several shorter ones.

Error type:

SENTENCE TOO LONG - your sentence needs to be made into several shorter ones.

Error type:

NUMBER OF NOUN - you have put a word in the singular when it should be plural, or vice versa. Or perhaps the noun is countable and you thought it was uncountable, or vice versa. Check that you have used the right article, as well.

Error type:

NUMBER OF NOUN - you have put a word in the singular when it should be plural, or vice versa. Or perhaps the noun is countable and you thought it was uncountable, or vice versa. Check that you have used the right article, as well.

Error type:

NUMBER OF NOUN - you have put a word in the singular when it should be plural, or vice versa. Or perhaps the noun is countable and you thought it was uncountable, or vice versa. Check that you have used the right article, as well.

Error type:

NUMBER OF NOUN - you have put a word in the singular when it should be plural, or vice versa. Or perhaps the noun is countable and you thought it was uncountable, or vice versa. Check that you have used the right article, as well.

Error type:

VERB TENSE - you have put the verb in the wrong tense eg present instead of future, or continuous instead of simple.

Error type:

VERB TENSE - you have put the verb in the wrong tense eg present instead of future, or continuous instead of simple.

Error type:

VERB FORM - you have used the wrong form of the verb. For example, singular instead of plural, infinitive instead of -ing, wrong auxiliary, passive instead of active or vice versa, etc.

Error type:

VERB FORM - you have used the wrong form of the verb. For example, singular instead of plural, infinitive instead of -ing, wrong auxiliary, passive instead of active or vice versa, etc.

Error type:

VERB FORM - you have used the wrong form of the verb. For example, singular instead of plural, infinitive instead of -ing, wrong auxiliary, passive instead of active or vice versa, etc.

Error type:

VERB FORM - you have used the wrong form of the verb. For example, singular instead of plural, infinitive instead of -ing, wrong auxiliary, passive instead of active or vice versa, etc.

Error type:

VERB FORM - you have used the wrong form of the verb. For example, singular instead of plural, infinitive instead of -ing, wrong auxiliary, passive instead of active or vice versa, etc.

Error type:

VERB FORM - you have used the wrong form of the verb. For example, singular instead of plural, infinitive instead of -ing, wrong auxiliary, passive instead of active or vice versa, etc.

Error type:

VOCABULARY MISTAKE - you have used the wrong word. Check in the dictionary.

Error type:

VOCABULARY MISTAKE - you have used the wrong word. Check in the dictionary.

Error type:

VOCABULARY MISTAKE - you have used the wrong word. Check in the dictionary.

Error type:

VOCABULARY MISTAKE - you have used the wrong word. Check in the dictionary.

Error type:

VOCABULARY MISTAKE - you have used the wrong word. Check in the dictionary.

Error type:

VOCABULARY MISTAKE - you have used the wrong word. Check in the dictionary.

Error type:

VOCABULARY MISTAKE - you have used the wrong word. Check in the dictionary.

Error type:

VOCABULARY MISTAKE - you have used the wrong word. Check in the dictionary.

Error type:

VOCABULARY MISTAKE - you have used the wrong word. Check in the dictionary.

Error type:

WORD ORDER - you have written a group of words in the wrong order. Re-arrange.

Error type:

WORD ORDER - you have written a group of words in the wrong order. Re-arrange.

Error type:

WORD ORDER - you have written a group of words in the wrong order. Re-arrange.

Error type:

WORD ORDER - you have written a group of words in the wrong order. Re-arrange.

Error type:

WORD ORDER - you have written a group of words in the wrong order. Re-arrange.

Error type:

WORD ORDER - you have written a group of words in the wrong order. Re-arrange.

Error type:

WORD ORDER - you have written a group of words in the wrong order. Re-arrange.

Error type:

SPACE PROBLEM - you have put a space where there should not be any, or a space is missing.

Error type:

SPACE PROBLEM - you have put a space where there should not be any, or a space is missing.

Error type:

SPACE PROBLEM - you have put a space where there should not be any, or a space is missing.

Error type:

SPACE PROBLEM - you have put a space where there should not be any, or a space is missing.

Comment:

in earlier times

Comment:

no agreed ...

Comment:

of

Comment:

as early as in the 1950s (put this at the beginning of your sentence

Comment:

at

Comment:

available?

Comment:

comma before such?

Comment:

plural?

Comment:

start a new sentence here!

Comment:

past is enough

Comment:

drop it

Comment:

do you mean conceived?

Comment:

do you mean "it took most of the time"?

Comment:

realised?

Comment:

adapted?

Comment:

The organisation needs to change so that knowledge management can be applied.

Comment:

by all the members

Comment:

can only be done

Comment:

through

Comment:

to the

Comment:

needs

Comment:

at team level

Comment:

on

Comment:

drop then, but use comma

Comment:

c system

Comment:

considered?

Comment:

one is not the same as he!

Comment:

none of the decisions were taken democratically

Comment:

Your link is unclear

Comment:

such