Meaning

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Look at the sentences from different texts below. Notice the relationships between the different parts of each sentence and the punctuation markers which are used.

The anthropologist George M. Foster (1962:87) described culture shock in extreme terms: 'Culture shock is a mental illness, and as is true of much mental illness, the victim does not usually know he is afflicted'.
Radical proposals were propounded and supported by younger sons in extreme terms; they were opposed by more conservative eldest children.
The history of science is littered with battles: the argument over whether living organisms have a vital spirit, for example, or whether continents wander around the earth's surface.
This system combines three important elements: ponds, waterfalls and created wetlands.
Roman centurions stationed for from the imperial mints were paid in salt (hence the word "salary") and the first North American settlers traded in tobacco when coins were in short supply.
Thus the introduction of science and technology into traditional societies - even ones which have had literate cultures over a long period of time - and the introduction of English into these cultures through the mechanism of scientific information creates two kinds of problems.

In the table below match the relationships shown with the punctuation markers in the numbered sentences above. The first one has been done for you as an example.

Name:

Relationship	Marker
the idea before the markers is qualified by what comes between them	6 - ... -
the idea before the marker is made clearer by examples after the marker
a general idea before the marker is made specific after it
the ideas before and after the marker are related, but contrast
the marker introduces a quotation
some extra information is given between the markers which is interesting, but not necessary

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08/06/03

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The anthropologist George M. Foster (1962:87) described culture shock in extreme terms: 'Culture shock is a mental illness, and as is true of much mental illness, the victim does not usually know he is afflicted'.

Radical proposals were propounded and supported by younger sons in extreme terms; they were opposed by more conservative eldest children.

The history of science is littered with battles: the argument over whether living organisms have a vital spirit, for example, or whether continents wander around the earth's surface.

This system combines three important elements: ponds, waterfalls and created wetlands.

Roman centurions stationed for from the imperial mints were paid in salt (hence the word "salary") and the first North American settlers traded in tobacco when coins were in short supply.

Thus the introduction of science and technology into traditional societies - even ones which have had literate cultures over a long period of time - and the introduction of English into these cultures through the mechanism of scientific information creates two kinds of problems.